Synchronization is the ability to lock 2 or more digital signals or devices so that they operate at exactly the same rate. This is used to synch DAWs, consoles, synthesizers, outboard effects, and other digital equipment.
SMPTE is the time code (TC) developed for film based on the frame rate. HR:MIN:SEC:FRAMES is the format used. With 30 frames per second used, every 1/30 second of audio has a unique indentifying number called the TC address. MIDI TC translates SMPTE to MIDI to control MIDI devices like a keyboard.
A word clock is a signal generated in a digital audio system to control the sampling frequency. You must synchronize the word clocks in individual devices so that when tranferring the data signal is not degraded. A master clock sends a synchronization signal to the slave devices to synchronize all of the devices to the same sampling frequency.
Jitter is a variation in time from sample to sample that causes changes in the shape of the audio waveform and is caused by a degradation in word clock signals among digital devices. It results in lower detail and harsher sound. Using a master clock generator with low jitter and balanced, well-sheilded digital cables will minimize the effect.
An audio driver is a low-level program that allows the transfer of audio signals from/to audio interface. DAE (Digital Audio Extraction) is a multichannel driver for Pro Tools, Logic and Digital Performer. Latency is the period of time it takes for data to get through the audio driver and interface to an output. Low latency is desirable.
To synchronize sound and film, a clapslate can be used. The clapstick stops the TC and shows the exact time for the audio.
Transfer, or dubbing, audio from one device to another. Analog to analog results in lower quality and worse SNR (signal to noise ratio). Analog to digital transfers must take into account that there is not headroom in digital like there is in analog. Digital to digital dubbing creates an exact replica.
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